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Kerala Spices
Kerala Spices
NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR SPICES
The Institute is conducting research on spices covering pepper,
ginger, tur-:neric, clove, nutmeg, cinnamon and all spices. The 29
research projects on those crops are arranged under ten mega
projeccts which a re multi-disciplinary in nature. Some of the major
achievements during 1988/89 include establishing the role of
Phyto-phthora Capsici in the censation of slow decline of black
pepper, enrichment of germ plasm of spice crops, identifying
karimunda selections for pepper etc.
Agricultural Education
The Kerala Agricultural University imparts education on various
disciplines of Agriculture and allied sectors through 8 colleges
namely College of Agriculture, Vellayani; College of Horticulture,
Vellanikara; College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy;
College of Forestry, Vel-lanikkara; College of Co-operation and
Baking; Mannuthy, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Thavanur; College of Fisheris, Panangode and College of
Rural Home Science, Vellayani.
Kera Karshaka Sahakarana
Federation KERAFED
KERAFED established in 1987 for the purpose of implementing the
Integrated Coconut Development Project with assistance from European
Economic Community initiated a number of activities in the areas of
production and markketing. Field level units (6 each) for the
Southern and Northern Regions have been set up. Till the end of 1989
a total number of 571 primary agricultural credit societies have
been enrolled in these regions for organising production and
procurement operations. The civil works in connection with the
establishment of the Southern Regional Processing Complex for Copra
are in progress at Karunagappally. The site for the northern complex
has been identified. Share capital asistance to the tune of
Rs.585.25 lakh were provided to 445 PACS during this period. In the
production front 957 coconut demonstrations were laid out, 461
seminars were organised and 51285 coconut seedlings were
distributed. The KERAFED is the authorised agency for procurement of
copra on behalf of the NAFED under the price support scheme and
accordingly 3900 tonnes of copra was procured during 1989.
Land Development Corporation
The financial assistance to the Projects implemented by the
Corporation has not been restored by NABARD/ State Bank of India
during the year 1989. The implementation of the two major projects;
namely Kuttanad Development and Kole Land Development were therefore
in a stand-still durig the period.
OIL PALM INDIA LTD.
Oil Palm India Limited is implementing three schemes for planting
4160 ha. under oil palm with an investment of Rs.22.65 crore. The
area covered by the Corporation till the end of 1989 is 3705 ha.
Action is also in progress for setting up two modern processing
mills as envisaged in the project.
THE PLANTATION CORPORATION OF KERALA LTD.
The Corporation is the largest public sector undertaking in the
plantation sector of Kerala. Eight rubber estates and four cashew
estates with a total extent of 14329 ha. are owned by the
Corporation. The latex produced by the Corporation is processed into
various forms namely Centrifugal latex, Crumb Rubber Crepe etc. in
the factories of the Corporation, at Kodumon, Kalady and Perambra.
As part of its expansion programme the company has promoted a pilot
project for the processing of rubber wood in Kodumon Estate. The
production of rubber for the year 1988-89 was 6615.35 mts. with a
sales receipt of Rs. 1471.72 lakh. This is in addition to Rs. 136.24
lakh earned from sale of cashew.
The State Farming Corporation of Kerala Ltd.
The Corporation incorported in 1972 for cultivation of Sugarcane was
permitted to take up rubber plantations in the lands alloted.
Accordingly the Corporation has established 1927 ha. of rubber and
296 ha. of Cashew plantations, availing assistance from Rubber
Board, State Government and NABARD.
Kerala Agro Industiries Corporation
The major obejctive of the Corporation is to promote mechanisation
of agricultural sector and the major activity of the Corporation is
sale, hiring and servicing of agricultural implements and machinery.
During 1988-89 the Corporation has sold 41 tractors 234 power
tillers and 528 pumpsets in addition to hiring of 3 bull dosers. The
total value of items manufactured by the Corporation during 1989
works out to Rs. lakhs. The training centre at Malampuzha attached
to the Corporation imparted training to 124 persons on tractor
driving. The fruit Processing Unit of the Corporation at Punalur
produced 545 tonnes of fruit products during the period.
Kerala Agro-Machinery Corporation
The corporation was able to put up remarkable perfromance in the
manufacture of KAMCO power tillers during the last two years.
Production during 1988-89 was 2852 tillers representing a capacity
utilisation of 84 per cent.
Kerala State Horicultural Products Development Corporation
The Kerala State Horiticultural Product Development Corporation
was established by the Government in 1989 with a view to promote
production, processing and marketing of horticultural products on
commercial lines.
IRRIGATION AND POWER
Irrigation
The irrigation potential of the State is estimated at 16 lakhs ha.
(net) or 25 ha. (gross). Till the end of March 1989 an area of 3.72
lakh ha. (net) or 6.11 lakh ha. (gross) i.e. 24% of the potential
was brought under irrigation through major, medium and minor
irrigation schemes with an investment of Rs.766.19 crore.
Major and Medium Irrigation
The total extent of land that can be brought under irrigation
through major and medium irrigation scheme is estimated at 6 lakh
ha. (net) or 14 lakh ha.(gross). The ten completed irrigation
schemes viz. Chalakudy, Peechi, Malampuzha, Neyyar, Pothundy,
Gayathri, Walayar, Vahani, Mangalam and Cheerakuzhi irrigate an area
of 0.77 lakh ha.(net) or 1.47 lakh ha.(gross). Till the end of
1987-88 through partial commissioning of seven ongoing schemes viz.
Kallada, Pampa, Periyar Valley, Chitturpuzha, Kanjhirapuzha,
Kuttiady and Pazhassi an additional area of 1.03 ha.(net) or 2.32
ha.(gross) has been brought under irrigation. During 1988-89, an
amount of Rs.5323.74 lakh was spent on irrigation schemes and
additional area brought irrigation is 975.ha (net) or 1640 ha.(gross).
This is from two schemes viz. Kallada 620 ha.(net) or 930 ha.(gross)
and Pazhassi 355 ha.(net) or 710 ha.(gross).
Thus till the end of 1988-89, the total investment on major and
medium projects is Rs.676.58 crore and area benefited is 1.80 lakh
ha.(net) or 3.80 lakh.ha. (gross).
None of the ongoing schemes was completed in all respects during the
year under review. Pamba, Periyar, Valley, Chitturpuzha-Mootathara,
Pazhassi, Kuttiady and Kanjhirapuzha projects are in advanced stages
of completion. Other schemes are in various stage of implementation.
The details of costs, expenditure and achievement physical and
financial achievements of ongoing schemes are given in Tables 4.18
and 4.19.
Minor Irrigation
The area reported to be brought under irrigation through minor
irrigation schemes in the State till the end of 1987-88 is 1.81
ha.(net) or 2.18 lakh ha.(gross) by spending an amount of Rs. 8025
lakh. During 1988-89, the approved outlay for minor irrigation
schemes (surface water and ground water) was Rs. 1350 lakhs which
was expected to create an additional irrigation potential of 11,405
or 13,545 ha.(gross). To achieve this 895 works under different
categories of schemes were taken up for implementation. Due to
financial constraints only Rs.1121.96 lakh (Rs.926.886 lakh for
surface water and Rs.l95.08 lakh for Ground Water Schemes) could be
spent during the year. 276 works under various categories were
completed creating an additional irrigation potential of 10014
ha.(net) or 11,741 ha.(gross) 41 M.I.Class I schemes, 52 M.I.Class
II schemes 49 lift irrigation schemes, 32 I.P.D. Ye-lah schemes, 63
Community irrigation schemes, 15 Special Component Plan Schemes and
7 Schemes under Tribal sub-plan were completed. Apart from this 30
damaged schemes were also renovated during 1988-89. Thus the total
area brought under irrigation through minor irrigation schemes till
the end of 1988-89 is 1.918 lakhs ha.(net) or 2.30 lakh ha.(gross),
by spending an amount of Rs.9146.96 lakh. The physical and financial
achievements under minor irrigation. schemes are given Table 4.20
and 4.21.
FLOOD CONTROL AND ANTISEA EROSION
During 1988-89, an amount of Rs.136.75 lakh was spent to protect an
area of 1740 ha. from the ravages of flood. Under antisea erosion
3.80 km, new wall wer constructed and 4.10 km. old and damaged sea
wall were reformed to standard size by spending an amount of
Rs.401.08 lakhs during 1988-89.
Command Area Development
The Command Area Development Programme envisages overall development
of the command areas on respect of the ten completed irrigation
schemes viz. Malampuzha, Walayar, Pothundy, Gayathri, Mangalam,
Peechi, Chalakudi, Vazhani, Chera-kuzhy and Neyyar. The main
activities under the programme are construction of field channels
and field drains, land levelling, land shaping,
introduction of warabandi etc.
Upto the end of 1987-88 an amount of Rs.523.29 lakh was spent and
field channels were constructed to benefit an area of 21,222 ha.
Rotational supply of water was ensured and beneficiary
farmers'associations were orgain-sed and registered for the
efficient use of water and other water management practices. During
1988-89 an amount of Rs.400.78 lakhs was spent for command area
development programmes. Field channels were constructed to cover an
area of 9818 ha. warabandi (rotational distribution water) system
was introduced in more areas and demonstration and adaptive trials
on better water management practices and scientific and improved
method of cultivation were conducted in the area.
Power Development
The favourable monsoons in 1988-89, after a severe dry spell during
the previous year, helped to replenish the storage position of the
hydel reservoirs. As a result of the generation of power in 1988-89
increased by 11% from 4093 MU in 1987-88 to 4550 MU in 1988-89. The
project-wise details of installed capacity, energy potential and
energy generated during 1988-89 are given in Table 4.22.
The installed capacity of all the ten completed hydro-electric
projects stood at 1476.5 MW. No new projects were commissioned
during the year under review and hence no addition to the installed
capacity. Electricity generated within the state was 4550.2193 MU
which was supplemented by the power imported of 1264.71 MU (NTPC
410,44 MU, MAPP 252.13 MU, NLC 502.14 MU). The import was 1035.936
MU during 1987-88. The power available for sale after allowing
auxiliary consumption was 5786.28 MU, and power sold was 4387 MU, as
against 3624.606 MU during the previous year, thus registering an
increase of 21%. Transmission an distribution loss during 1988-89 is
26.15% against 28.35% during the previous year.
The per capita consumption of power in the State has increased to
148.11 kwh in 1989 from 125.75 kwh during 1988 registering an
increase of 17.8%. During the year under review the number of
consumes has gone upto 29.34 lkhs from 27.7 lakhs during the
previous year, registering an increase of 1.64 lakhs, and connected
load from 3568 MW to 3757.57 mw in 1988-89. During the year 1988-89,
15,482 irrigation pumpsets were energised, 579 distribution
transformers and 7011 street lights were installed, 7 new EHT sub
stations were opened.
Total revenue from the sale of power during 1988-89 amounted to Rs.
24828 lakh as against Rs.19978 lakh during 1987-88 registering an
increase of Rs.4850 lakhs ie. 24% increase over the previous year.
This was partly due to the higher power consumption during the year
and also the hike in the tariff rates by the revision in 1st
Augustl988.
At present there are 17 ongoing hydro electric projects in various
stages of implementation. Of this Forest clearance for the
Pooyankuty Project is awaited from the Government of India.
At details of ongoing hydro electic schemes in the State with
excepted energy potential and latest position are given in the
table.
CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND AVERAGE REVENUE REALISATION FROM THE SALE
OF POWER
The percentage of power consumed by the domestic lights, heat and
small power category had declined from 29.6% in 1987-88 to 28.6% in
1988-89. The average revenue realisation per unit had increased from
41.28% ps. to 44.87 ps, in 1988-89. Similiarly the percentage of
consumption by the commerical category of consumers had also
decreased from 10.77% in 1987-88 to 10.17% in 1988-89 and average
revenue per unit had shown a decline from 96.56 ps. from 1987-88 to
92.88 ps. in 1988-89. In the case of public water works category,
the average revenue realised had decreased from 37.41 ps, in 1987-88
to 31.61 ps. in 1988-89. The average revenue realisation per unit of
public lightings category had decreased from 106.94 ps. in 1987-88
to 91.20 ps. in 1988-89. Only in the category of bulk supply there
was an increase in the average realisation per unit of power. In
that category the average realisation per unit had gone up from
49.65 ps in 1987-88 to 53.89 ps. in 1988-89. The average revenue
realisation from sale of power to all the categories combined has
shown a slight increase from 55.66 ps. in 1987-88 to 56.59 ps, in
1988-89.
Though there has been improvement in the overall Power generation,
power shortage continues to be a problem, the ever increasing demand
for power outstrips its availability. During 1988-89, despite
improved power generation, the K.W.E.B. has imposed power cut and
load shedding on the consumers.
Spices and spice products are important foreign exchange earners for
India. The share of spices in total export earnings from agricultural
products increased from 5 per cent in the early eighties to about 10 per
cent in 1987-88. The export earnings from spices increased steadily and
reached an all time high of Rs.298 crore in 1987-88. However in 1988-89,
even though there has been a substantial increase in the volume of
spices exported (34%), the total value realization has declined by 5 per
cent and the unit value realization by 29 percent. This is mainly due to
the steep fall in peper prices in the international market, which
contributes to about 70 per cent of the total export earnings from
spices.
Spices particularly pepper and cardamom (small) occupy a singificant
postion in Kerala's agricultural economy; pepper, cardamom, ginger and
turmeric are the major spices grown in Kerala. Almost the entire
quantity of pepper and about 80 per cent of the cardamom exported from
India are from Kerala. The total export earnings of India from spices
for 1988-89 was Rs.283 crores of which Kerala's share is estimated to be
about 218 crores which is about 77 per cent of total. The item-wise
export of spices is given in Table 8.4. India exported spices to the
countries in Western and Eastern Europe, America, Middle East and East
Asia. The main items of spices exported are pepper, ginger, cardamom,
chillies, turmeric, coriander, curry, powder, oils and oleoresins.
Pepper
Pepper is the most important among the spices exported by India. Export
of pepper in recent years marginally increased in quantity but
substantially decreased in value. As against an export of 41011 MT
valued at Rs.24058 lakhs in 1987-88, it stood at 41065 MT valued at
Rs.18778 lakhs in 1988-89. The fall in the unit value from 58.66 per kg.
to Rs.45.73 caused this decline in value realisation.
Kerala exported 39200 MT of pepper worth Rs.183.08 crores through Cochin
and Calicut ports. The share of Kerala in the export of pepper works out
to 95.45% in terms of quantity and 97.49 percent of the value.
Cardamom
Cardamom is one of the important export oriented plantation crops in
India, grown in the ever green forests of the three southern states of
Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. On an average Kerala contributes about
70 per cent of the national production and 92 percent of the total
export of cardamom. As" aresult of the favourable climatic conditions
pre-vailig in the cardamom growing tracts coupled with the effects of
the developmental schemes of the Cardamom Board, the total production
increased. India exported 787 MT of cardamom valued at 10.28 crores in
1988-89 of which the share of Kerala worked out to 79 per cent.
Ginger
Kerala is the largest producer of dry ginger in India accounting for
about 60 percent of the total production. During 1988-89 India exported
5198 MT of ginger valued at Rs.922 lakhs as against 2628 MT valued at
Rs.489 lakhs during the previous year. During the same year Kerala's
share of ginger export worked out to 3882 tonnes.
Turmeric
Kerala exported 2034 tonnes of turmeric in 1988-89 as against 1690
tonnes in 1987-88. This shows an increase in export.
Tea
India tops the world as the largest producer and exporter of tea.
The year 1984-85 witnessed on all time high export earnings from tea,
whereas succeeding years showed a declining trend in quantity and price.
In 1985-86 Kerala exported 26178 tonnes of tea and the export earnings
from the tea amounted to Rs.53.57 crore as against 57585 tonnes and tea
worth Rs.150.12 crore in 1984.85. Both the quantity as well as value
decreased by 54.54 per cent and 64.32 per cent respectively over those
of the previous year. This is probably due to Tu-ticorin Port and the
emergence of Coimbatore as a tea auction centre which by virtue of being
a cost effective business of the tea trading houses in Cochin.
Coffee
During the year 1985-86 the export of coffee from India was 99289
tonnes valued at 274.98 crore. In the same year 46373 tonnes of coffee
valued at Rs.128.42 crore was exported through the Cochin Port. The
quantity of cbf-fee exported through Cochin Port showed an increase of
18590 tonnes in 1985-86 compared to that the previous year and the value
showed an increase of Rs.43.86 crore. (The total quantity of coffe
exported from Cochin worked out to 41248 tonnes in 1988-89 showing a
fall.)
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